Pb Element

Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Periodic Table of Elements Element Lead - Pb Comprehensive data on the chemical element Lead is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Lead. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. Please visit the Lead element page for information specific to the chemical element of the periodic table. PubChem CID: 6335491: Structure: Find Similar Structures. Molecular Formula: Pb: Synonyms: Lead-212. Lead, isotope of mass 212. Molecular Weight: 211.9919 g/mol. PBCore is a cataloging standard for the description of audiovisual content, a data sharing tool, and much more. Since its development in the early 2000s, dozens of organizations have been using PBCore's comprehensive and flexible features for their archiving needs.

Pb Element Protons Neutrons Electrons

Lead – Atomic Mass – Atomic Weight – Pb 2020-11-21 by Nick Connor Atomic Mass of Lead Atomic mass of Lead is 207.2 u.

Our editors will review what you've submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

Lead (Pb), a soft, silvery white or grayish metal in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Lead is very malleable, ductile, and dense and is a poor conductor of electricity. Known in antiquity and believed by the alchemists to be the oldest of metals, lead is highly durable and resistant to corrosion, as is indicated by the continuing use of lead water pipes installed by the ancient Romans. The symbol Pb for lead is an abbreviation of the Latin word for lead, plumbum.

Occurrence and distribution

Lead is mentioned often in early biblical accounts. The Babylonians used the metal as plates on which to record inscriptions. The Romans used it for tablets, water pipes, coins, and even cooking utensils; indeed, as a result of the last use, lead poisoning was recognized in the time of Augustus Caesar. The compound known as white lead was apparently prepared as a decorative pigment at least as early as 200 bce. Modern developments date to the exploitation in the late 1700s of deposits in the Missouri-Kansas-Oklahoma area in the United States.

On a weight basis, lead has nearly the same abundance in Earth's crust as tin. Cosmically, there is 0.47 lead atom per 10⁶silicon atoms. The cosmic abundance is comparable to those of cesium, praseodymium, hafnium, and tungsten, each of which is regarded as a reasonably scarce element.

Your broadband speed can vary for the first 10 days after connection as your line adjusts. Use our troubleshooter if you're experiencing slow speed after this time. Bt wholesale speed test inaccurate. Test your BT broadband speed. Log in to test your BT broadband speed. Please check you entered your username and password correctly and try again. If you need help remembering your username. Use our My BT app or broadband troubleshooter to test the speed of your BT Broadband line. We'll then tell you how to understand the test results, and how to make simple changes to make sure you get the fastest speed possible. If there's a problem with your line we'll also give you the option to report a fault so we can get it fixed. You can also test your speed using our My BT app. Four weeks on from a new connection and I'm getting roughly 50% of estimated speed. Hence, I do the usual stuff here, then run BT Wholesale speed test. It doesn't find an error, mainly because BT's estimated line speed is substantially less than plusnet's estimation. Specifically: Download speed achieved during the test was - 8.7 Mbps. Reset, change or get help with your login details. A broadband order. Track your order and delivery. Report and track your BT problem. Let us know your problem so that we can get you back up and running. Go back to: Broadband help.

Although lead is not abundant, natural concentration processes have resulted in substantial deposits of commercial significance, particularly in the United States but also in Canada, Australia, Spain, Germany, Africa, and South America. Significant deposits are found in the United States in the western states and the Mississippi valley. Rarely found free in nature, lead is present in several minerals, but all are of minor significance except the sulfide, PbS (galena, or lead glance), which is the major source of lead production throughout the world. Lead is also found in anglesite (PbSO₄) and cerussite (PbCO₃). By the early 21st century, China, Australia, the United States, Peru, Mexico, and India were the world's top producers of lead in concentrate.

Lead may be extracted by roasting the ore and then smelting it in a blast furnace or by direct smelting without roasting. Additional refining removes impurities present in the lead bullion produced by either process. Almost half of all refined lead is recovered from recycled scrap. (For commercial production, seelead processing.)

Uses of the metal

Only a single crystalline modification, with a close-packed metallic lattice, is known. Properties that are responsible for the many uses of elemental lead include its ductility, ease of welding, low melting point, high density, and ability to absorb gamma radiation and X-radiation. Molten lead is an excellent solvent and collector for elemental silver and gold. The structural applications of lead are limited by its low tensile and fatigue strengths and its tendency to flow even when only lightly loaded.

When freshly cut, lead oxidizes quickly, forming a dull gray coating, formerly thought to be lead suboxide, Pb₂O, but now recognized as a mixture of lead and lead monoxide, PbO, which protects the metal from further corrosion. Similarly, although lead is soluble in dilute nitric acid, it is only superficially attacked by hydrochloric or sulfuric acids because the insoluble chloride (PbCl₂) or sulfate (PbSO₄) coatings that are formed prevent continued reaction. Because of this general chemical resistance, considerable amounts of lead are used in roofing, as coverings for electric cables placed in the ground or underwater, and as linings for water pipes and conduits and structures for the transportation and processing of corrosive substances.

Elemental lead can also be oxidized to the Pb²⁺ ion by hydrogen ions, but the insolubility of most salts of Pb²⁺ makes lead resistant to attack by many acids. Oxidation under alkaline conditions is easier to effect and is favoured by the formation of the soluble species of lead in the +2 oxidation state. Lead oxide (PbO₂, with lead as the Pb⁴⁺ ion) is among the stronger oxidizing agents in acidic solution, but it is comparatively weak in alkaline solution. The ease of oxidation of lead is enhanced by complex formation. The electrodeposition of lead is best effected from aqueous solutions containing lead hexafluorosilicate and hexafluorosilicic acid.

Lead has many other applications, the largest of which is in the manufacture of storage batteries. It is used in ammunition (shot and bullets) and as a constituent of solder, type metal, bearing alloys, fusible alloys, and pewter. In heavy and industrial machinery, sheets and other parts made from lead compounds may be used to dampen noise and vibration. Because lead effectively absorbs electromagnetic radiation of short wavelengths, it is used as a protective shielding around nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, X-ray equipment, and containers used for transporting and storing radioactive materials. Together with the compound lead oxide (PbO₂) and with lead-antimony or lead-calcium alloys, it is employed in common storage batteries.

Pb Element Symbol